|
Patogênese
References
21. Oliva A, Kinter AL, Vaccarezza M, Rubbert A,
Catanzaro A, Moir S, Monaco J, Ehler L, Mizell S, Jackson R, Li
Y, Romano JW & Fauci AS (1998). Natural killer cells from
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are an
important source of CC-chemokines and suppress HIV-1 entry and
replication in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 102:
223-231.
22. Umehara F, Izumo S, Takeya M, Takahashi K, Sato E & Osame
M (1996). Expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte chemoattractant
protein-1 (MCP-1) in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-I-associated
myelopathy. Acta Neuropathologica, 91: 343-350.
23. Giraudon P, Buart S, Bernard A & Belin MF (1997). Cytokines
secreted by glial cells infected with HTLV-I modulate the expression
of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitor
(TIMPs): possible involvement in neurodegenerative processes.
Molecular Psychiatry, 2: 107-110.
24. Greten TF, Slansky JE, Kubota R, Soldan SS, Jaffee EM, Leist
TP, Pardoll DM, Jacobson S & Schneck JP (1998). Direct visualization
of antigen-specific T cells: HTLV-1 Tax11-19- specific CD8(+)
T cells are activated in peripheral blood and accumulate in cerebrospinal
fluid from TSP/HAM patients. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, USA, 95: 7568-7573.
25. Biddison WE, Kubota R, Kawanishi T, Taub DD, Cruikshank WW,
Center DM, Connor EW, Utz U & Jacobson S (1997). Human T cell
leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-specific CD8+ CTL clones from patients
with HTLV-I-associated neurologic disease secrete proinflammatory
cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinase. Journal of
Immunology, 159: 2018-2025.
26. Hoffman PM, Dhib-Jalbut S, Mikovits JA, Robbins DS, Wolf AL,
Bergey GK, Lohrey NC, Weislow OS & Ruscetti FW (1992). Human
T-cell leukemia virus type I infection of monocytes and microglial
cells in primary human cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, USA, 89: 11784-11788.
27. Fox RJ, Levin MC & Jacobson S (1996). Tumor necrosis factor
alpha expression in the spinal cord of human T-cell lymphotrophic
virus type I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
patients. Journal of Neurovirology, 2: 323-329.
28. Nagai M, Ijichi S, Hall WW & Osame M (1995). Differential
effect of TGF-beta 1 on the in vitro activation of HTLV-I and
the proliferative response of CD8+ T lymphocytes in patients with
HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Clinical Immunology and
Immunopathology, 77: 324-331.
29. Saarloos MN, Koenig RE & Spear GT (1995). Elevated levels
of iC3b and C4d, but not Bb, complement fragments from plasma
of persons infected with human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) with
HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Journal
of Infectious Diseases, 172: 1095-1097.
30. Lira J, Nakamura M, Sawada Y, Ohori N, Itoyama Y, Yamamoto
N, Sakaki Y & Goto I (1992). Antibody titers to HTLV-Ip40tax
protein and gag-env hybrid protein in HTLV-I-asscoiated myelopathy/tropical
spastic paraparesis: correlation with increased HTLV-I proviral
DNA load. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 107: 98-104.
31. Usuku K, Sonoda S, Osame M, Yashiki S, Takahashi K, Matsumoto
M, Sawada T, Tsuji K, Tara M & Igata A (1988). HLA haplotype-linked
high immune responsiveness against HTLV-I in HTLV-I-associated
myelopathy: comparison with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Annals
of Neurology, 23: 143-150.
32. Godoy AJ, Itoyama Y, Tokunaga K, Hara H, Kawaga Y, Kiyokawa
H, Maeda Y & Goto I (1994). Allolymphocytotoxic antibodies
in sera from HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
patients-putative anti-HLA antibodies. Journal of Neurological
Sciences, 125: 62-69.
33. Uchiyama T (1997). Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)
and human diseases. Annual Review of Immunology, 15: 15-37.
34. Manns A, Hanchard B, Morgan OS, Wilks R, Cranston B, Nam JM,
Blank M, Kuwayama M, Yashiki S, Fujiyoshi T, Blattner W &
Sonoda S (1998). Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles associated
with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection and adult
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in a Black population. Journal of the
National Cancer Institute, 90: 617-622.
35. Jeffery KJM, Usuku K, Hall SE, Matsumoto W, Taylor GP, Procter
J, Bunce M, Ogg GS, Welsh KI, Weber JN, Lloyd AL, Nowak MA, Nagai
M, Kodama D, Izumo S, Osame M & Bangham CRM (1999). HLA alleles
determine human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) proviral load
and the risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, USA, 96: 3848-3853.
36. Bangham CRM, Kermode AL, Hall SE & Daenke S (1996). The
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to HTLV-I: the main determinant
of disease? Seminars in Virology, 7: 41-48.
37. Höllsberg P (1997). Pathogenesis of chronic progressive
myelopathy associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type
I. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 169 (Suppl): 86-93.
38. Elovaara I, Koenig S, Brewah AY, Woods RM, Lehky T & Jacobson
S (1993). High human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-specific
precursor cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies in patients with
HTLV-1-associated neurological disease. Journal of Experimental
Medicine, 177: 1567-1573.
39. Casseb J, Hong MA, Salomão S, Duarte AJS, Gallo D &
Hendry RM (1997). Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus
and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I: Reciprocal activation
with clinical and immunological consequences. Clinical Infectious
Diseases, 25: 1259-1260.
40. Casseb J (1998). Is HTLV-I more clever than HIV-1? Clinical
Infectious Diseases, 27: 1309-1310.
Table 1 - Characteristics of tropical spastic paraparesis/human
T-cell leukemia type 1-associated mielopatia (TSP/HAM) and adult
T-cell leukemia (ATL).
Figure 1 - Modelo for the pathogenesis of
tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated mielopatia. CTL,
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; NK, natural killer cell; MF, macrophage.
|